Fat Soluble Vitamins for Optimal Fetal Development

Human life begins, biologically speaking, at conception. This is the moment at which the new organism possesses its own unique combination of some 20,000 genes and the moment at which it becomes capable of growth and cell division.

The days and weeks following conception form a critical window within which the nutritional environment of the womb sets the tempo for fetal growth. 3 main factors are what clearly define the continuity between the fetus and the adult he or she will become. The mothers nutrition, her mental/emotional state and the amount of toxins & interventions she is exposed to during conception & pregnancy. The quality of nutrition during these nine months produces lifelong effects on the brain, kidneys, and the cardiovascular system; determines the risk of degenerative disease; and profoundly influences the quality of life that persists through adulthood and into old age.

There are SO many aspects to nourishment during pregnancy but here I’m going to focus on what occurs when a woman is deficient in vitamins A, D and vitamin K2. Primarily what is found in babies when women are not consuming these Fat Soluble vitamins during their pregnancy are Facial Dysmorphology & poor dental health. Both of these defects are noticed sometimes at birth and most often toward the end of the baby’s first year when their face is becoming more “defined” and their jaw/teeth become more pronounced.

According to Dr. Weston Price and his 40 years of studies and field research, the narrowing of the face occurs after a population has abandoned its native diet. Generally modern Dentistry and mainstream Medicine are still not fully convinced these defects are related to nutrition. They blame crooked teeth on everything from genetics to thumb sucking to soft foods—that is, everything but the obvious decline in nutrient density in modern diets.

Dr. Price’s studies led him to the conclusion that facial narrowing took place primarily when the three fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D and vitamin K2) became deficient in the diet. Finally, modern science is beginning to prove him right. A variety of studies listed below show what occurs during fetal development when a mother is deficient in these organic compounds. Researchers have shown that in various lesser mammals, vitamin K deficiency during pregnancy results in “facial dysmorphology.” Vitamin K-dependent proteins concentrate in the nasal septal cartilage of the fetus. In humans, if vitamin K is not present in adequate amounts, or is blocked by drugs like warfarin (anticoagulant), during the critical period of six to nine weeks gestation, the cartilage calcifies prematurely, resulting in “maxillonasal hypoplasia,” that is, underdevelopment of the maxilla, the bone that determines the shape of the middle third of the face (Australian Dental Journal 1994;39:2).

Vitamin K depends on vitamins A and D for signaling, so all three vitamins are involved in the process of facial development. These discoveries point to the important of preparation for pregnancy with nutrient-dense foods, in order to build up stores for the critical early weeks of fetal development. Adequate spacing of children allows a mother to replenish these stores before the next child.

This is not to dissuade people from their particular food choices that work for them as an individual. Maybe the way you eat “cured” your auto immune disorder, maybe it aligns with your belief system, maybe you have always eaten a certain way and its worked for you your whole life. I belief how we assimilate food and nutrients is also largely dependent on our emotional terrain, and our existing toxicity profile.

I’m here to say, growing a human inside of you is a whole other ball game. You may feel fine on the outside, but I’m talking about whats happening for your baby on the inside and ultimately what is in the best interest of their development. This could require you to change your habits for 9 months and sacrifice whatever convictions you have about food and nutrition, because the truth is, developing fetuses need a mother who is an Omnivore eating whole, non-inflammatory, unprocessed foods. Whatever you are choosing for yourself is up to you, but if you are growing a human and not consuming 80 grams of protein daily, you are significantly more likely to develop high blood pressure in labor, gestational diabetes, edema, or pre-eclampsia. If you are low in minerals you are more likely to develop “low amniotic fluid levels”, spontaneous preterm labor, low endurance during labor, joint swelling, fatigue, or dizziness & your baby will be susceptible to a lip or tongue tie. And if you are deficient in fat soluble vitamins your baby will most likely experience chronic ear infections, poor jaw development, mouth breathing, poor nasal function, underdeveloped lungs, a narrowed jaw and crowded teeth. This is just the tip of the ice berg.

What are Fat Soluble vitamins?

Storage: Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in your liver and fatty tissue.

Longevity: Fat-soluble vitamins last longer in your body, because you do not need them every day. They can be tucked away until they are required for such functions as blood clotting, as in the case of vitamin K.

Where do we find Fat Soluble?

Vitamin A: Vitamin A in its complete form, retinol, is only found in animal products; however, the precursors which are converted to vitamin A by our body, such as beta-carotene, are found in plants like apricots, carrots, beans. The retinol is found in animal organs like fish liver, egg yolks, whole grass fed butter

Vitamin D: Your body makes vitamin D when direct sunlight converts a chemical in your skin into an active form of the vitamin (calciferol). And Vitamin D only occurs naturally in animal foods such as liver, butter, fatty fish (fish containing high levels of cholesterol or fatty acids as glycerides), and egg yolks. Women during pregnancy need a minimum of 4,000 IU daily. Mushrooms are the only vegetable that contains Vitamin D, naturally and you’d need to eat pounds of portabellos or white buttons to get close to half the daily recommendations.

Vitamin K: Vitamin K is needed in the liver for formation of several blood clotting factors. Vitamin K1, (phylloquinone) is synthesized by plants, whereas vitamin K2 homologs (menoquinones) are synthesized by bacteria. The human body can obtain vitamin K from dietary sources as well as through synthesis by the gut microflora. Find it in various vegetables, fruit and certain oils.

All this being said I don’t recommend relying on supplements as an attempt to get these these vitamins. Getting them through unadulterated, whole foods is best. However, with diets so poor like they are today many women don’t feel they have a choice. Tracing back sources to how these supplements are processed is quite the task, and so is changing our habits to access optimal nutrition. Either way, there is work to be done here and that is the beginning of the sacrifice, love and commitment we make as a mother. A gift to our child.

More on Fat Soluble Vitamins…

Vitamin A: Carotenoids and Retinoids

Vitamin A is required for the maintenance of normal mucous membranes and for normal vision. It occurs naturally only in foods of animal origin, such as liver, butter, whole milk, and egg yolks, but the body converts certain carotenoids, especially β-carotene, to vitamin A. Only 50 of the more than 500 naturally occurring carotenoids have provitamin A activity (Isler et al., 1971; Olson, 1983, 1984). Carotenoids are present in dark-green, leafy vegetables and in yellow and orange vegetables and fruits.

The Weston A. Price Foundation recommends 20,000 IU per day from cod liver oil and additional vitamin A from milk, butter, eggs, and three to eight ounces of liver per week. Yet the medical profession warns pregnant women that this quantity of vitamin A increases the risk of birth defects. This belief can be traced to a single study published in 1995 that purportedly found an increase in the risk of birth defects among mothers consuming more than 10,000 IU per day. As discussed in the sidebar below, there are several important flaws in this study. Every other published study on this subject shows this amount of vitamin A to be safe—indeed, one major study of over 25,000 births showed that daily doses of vitamin A up to 40,000 IU cut the risk of birth defects in half.

Vitamin D

In the late third trimester, the fetal skeleton enters a period of rapid growth that requires calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D. An infant born six weeks prematurely has laid down only half the calcium into its bones as an infant carried to term.28 There is evidence that vitamin D plays a role in lung development,29 and it probably plays a much larger role in fetal development in general due to vitamin D’s interaction with vitamin A. At birth, the infant’s blood level of vitamin D is closely correlated to that of the mother.30,31 Adequate levels of vitamin D protect the newborn from tetany, convulsions and heart failure.29

The active form of vitamin D promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus and influences bone mineralization. Vitamin D occurs in two forms that are equally well utilized in the body. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is produced commercially by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of the plant sterol ergosterol; vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is formed by the action of sunlight on the precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. The human body utilizes both forms of vitamin D by hydroxylating first the 25-position in the liver and then the 1α-position in the kidney, producing the biologically active 1α,25-dihydroxycalciferols.

Vitamin D occurs naturally only in animal foods such as liver, butter, fatty fish (fish containing high levels of cholesterol or fatty acids as glycerides), and egg yolks. The amount of vitamin D formed by exposure of skin to sunlight depends upon the length of the UV irradiation, the intensity, which can be diminished by atmospheric pollution, and skin pigmentation.

The Weston A. Price Foundation recommends 2,000 IU per day of vitamin D from cod liver oil, and small additional amounts from fatty fish, shellfish, butter, and lard. Although no studies have directly assessed the use of this dose during pregnancy, a study of over 10,000 infants in Finland conducted between 1966 and 1997 showed that direct supplementation of 2,000 IU per day to infants in the first year of life virtually eradicated the risk of type 1 diabetes over the next 30 years.35

Vitamin E

Vitamin E was originally named “Fertility Factor X” in 1922 because rats could not reproduce without it. Two years later, researchers dubbed it “tocopherol” from the Greek τόκος (tokos), meaning “childbirth,” and φερειν (ferein), meaning “to bring forth.”

Vitamin E is an important antioxidant that is thought to protect polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidative destruction in cell membranes. Vitamin E activity in foods is due to the presence of tocopherols and tocotrienols—compounds of plant origin. The most important of these is α-tocopherol; less active are β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and α-tocotrienol. Vegetable oils are the richest source of vitamin E. Other good sources include nuts, seeds, whole grains, and wheat germ. The vitamin E content of animal foods is generally low.

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is needed in the liver for formation of several blood clotting factors. Vitamin K1, (phylloquinone) is synthesized by plants, whereas vitamin K2 homologs (menoquinones) are synthesized by bacteria. The human body can obtain vitamin K from dietary sources as well as through synthesis by the gut microflora.

Larger amounts of vitamin K are present in dark-green leafy vegetables; lower levels are found in cereals, dairy products, meats, and fruits. A committee of the Food and Nutrition Board estimated the safe and adequate intake range for adults to be 70 to 140 µg per day. 

Compared to vitamins A and D, very little is known about the role of vitamin K in embryonic and fetal development. The enzyme that uses it to activate vitamin K-dependent proteins first shows up in the skeletal and nervous tissue of the embryo.36 Two vitamin K-dependent proteins, bone Gla protein and matrix Gla protein, are present in the first trimester.37 These proteins help lay down calcium salts in bone tissue and keep calcium out of the soft tissues where it does not belong.

In 1997, an infant was born to a mother who took Warfarin during pregnancy. This drug interferes with the normal clotting mechanism of the blood by creating an effective vitamin K deficiency. During the early development of the middle third of her face, the cartilage of her septum calcified; at birth, her nose was a stub. Since only twenty percent of the septum protrudes from the face, a mere ten percent reduction in its length can cut the length of the nose in half. She also had cavities and plaques in her spinal cord; she required oxygen due to respiratory distress at birth; and she was quadriplegic by twenty months.37

This tragic case of severe deficiency illustrates the essential role of K vitamins in the development of proper facial proportions and the much more important and fundamental development of the nervous system.

References

• https://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/childrens-health/vitamins-for-fetal-development-conception-to-birth/

• https://www.westonaprice.org/caustic-commentary-craniofacial-development/

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